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龚克：人工智能应用于韧性治理，要依法和适度******
中新网北京12月11日电 “人工智能(AI)应用于韧性治理要依法和适度，要贯彻AI伦理原则，坚持以人为目的，以目的为中心，而不是以工具为中心，避免技术异化。”
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛12月9日开幕。在其中的主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”中，世界工程组织联合会前主席、中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院执行院长龚克这样指出。
2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛由清华大学主办、清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院(I-AIIG)承办，中国新闻网作为战略合作伙伴，联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)等国际组织、国内外学术机构支持。
世界工程组织联合会前主席、中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院执行院长龚克，在2022人工智能合作与治理国际论坛主题论坛“人工智能引领韧性治理与未来科技”中发言。主办方供图龚克认为，当前，韧性已成为可持续发展中的重要要求和愿景。“进入21世纪以来，韧性理论从生态学、工程学、心理学领域逐步延展到城市治理领域。”
在他看来，韧性发展现在已经成为重要的发展思路。“它正视困难、风险、冲击、变化，以适应力、恢复力应对之，使系统损失减少到可承受、使运行不失稳、发展不逆转。”
龚克举例指出，韧性的基础设施是韧性城市的基础，AI在提高基础设施韧性方面可以发挥积极的作用。“比如AI可以快速、精准地帮助发现地下送水管网的泄露，以实施快速修复。又比如，AI可以及时、准确预测城市用水需求，帮助实现适时适量的供水。再如，AI可以及早、准确地预报特定灾害，帮助实现预防和减损。”
“这些例子告诉我们，AI助力韧性发展的作用是无可置疑的，数据是AI发挥作用的重要基础，数据的及时、准确、全面对于AI助力韧性发展至关重要。”龚克坦言，因此，物联网的发展、多源数据的融合、数据的无偏化处理等等，特别是相关知识与数据的结合，以及降低算法对于数据规模、质量的依赖性，成为AI助力韧性发展的技术趋势。
龚克表示，“就技术赋能而言，人工智能与韧性治理的关系，包括人工智能作为治理工具和人工智能作为治理对象两方面。我认为，两者统一于人工智能在韧性治理中负责任地、符合伦理地、依法和适度地应用。”
他指出，如果AI要赋能韧性治理，就需要自身增能，增强透明度、可解释性、可靠性、鲁棒性，自身要能抗干扰、抗攻击等，让其自身成为有韧性的AI。“如果AI自身很脆弱，容易被攻击、受干扰，它非但不能助力韧性治理，还会起到相反的作用。”
同时，龚克强调，AI在用于韧性治理上，要做到依法和适度。
“就技术赋权来讲，特别强调赋权必须是依法的，要防止技术异化为权力。”他认为，AI系统作为治理工具时应能针对具体应用主体和场景，识别法律赋予的权力边界，并在任何情况下，保证包容、公平、无歧视，保证不伤害，保证人类的监督和决定权。(完)
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事****** 中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。  资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。 日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。 日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。 事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。 因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。 日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。 《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。 德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。 日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。 国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。 太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business By John Lee (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year. Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business. The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year. The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public. In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run. Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public. The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution. The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community. The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses. According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan. As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment. However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact. Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad. The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies. If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence. 
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